HISTORY OF MEDICAL SIMULATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CMS

In 1994, the Center for Medical Simulation put the first commercially-produced, full-featured mannequin simulator to work in training clinicians in teamwork and crisis management. Since then, CMS has grown in many ways, developing and operating courses for clinicians, medical educators, administrators and managers, and conducting an array of activities involving healthcare simulation.

Though the field has grown rapidly, CMS continues to differentiate itself with its multi-disciplinary, expert staff and exceptionally high-quality, innovative programs in full-environment facilities. In more than a decade of experience in medical simulation, CMS has trained nearly 6,000 participants.

A brief history of the Center for Medical Simulation

	1985 Jeffrey Cooper is a founding member of the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF).
	1989 Cooper assumes Chair of APSF and establishes the APSF research program.
	1990 Cooper visits Stanford and Gainesville research projects.
	1991 Eleven members of Harvard Medical School (HMS) Anesthesia visit Stanford and experience Crisis Resource Management (CRM) training.
	1992 Stanford Professor Gaba and Cooper conduct 'The Great Simulation Experiment' at HMS: 70 clinicians trained in CRM.
	1993 Boston Center for Medical Simulation facility established.
	1994 First Official CRM course conducted.
	1995 Anesthesia chairs of Harvard Hospitals participate in joint CRM training program.
	1996 Name changed to Center for Medical Simulation.
	1997 Simulation CMS Instructors' course & manual (with Stanford and Toronto).
	1998 First live simulation video conference.
	1999 CMS established as non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation.
	2001 First insurance premium incentive for simulation training.
	2002 Pilot course for Labor & Delivery team training.
	2003 - Simulation training required for Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) anesthesia faculty for credentialing. - Dan Raemer Receives HMS Teacher of the Year award. - Healthcare Management Team training course established.
	2004 Society for Medical Simulation formed; Dan Raemer named Chair of first Board.
	2005 Second insurance premium incentive for simulation training.